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To mark this final e it is often (but not consistently) written e¨. The groups er, ir, ur (finally or before a consonant) are not intended to be pronounced as in English fern, fir, fur, but rather as English air, eer, oor. In Quenya ui, oi, ai and iu, eu, au are diphthongs (that is, pronounced in one syllable). All other pairs of vowels are dissyllabic. This is often dictated by writing e¨a (Ea¨), e¨o, oe¨. In Sindarin the diphthongs are written ae, ai, ei, oe, ui, and au. Other combinations are not diphthongal. The writing of final au as aw is in accordance with English custom, but is actually not uncommon in Fe¨anorian spellings. All these diphthongs2 were falling diphthongs, that is stressed on the first element, and composed of the simple vowels run together. Thus ai, ei, oi, ui are intended to be pronounced respectively as the vowels in English rye (not ray), grey, boy, ruin; and au (aw) as in loud, how and not as in laud, haw. There is nothing in English closely corresponding to ae, oe, eu; ae and oe may be pronounced as ai, oi. stress The position of the accent or stress is not marked, since in the Eldarin languages concerned its place is determined by the form of the word. In words of two syllables it falls in practically all cases on the first syllable. In longer words it falls on the last syllable but one, where that contains a long vowel, a diphthong, or a vowel followed by two visit web page more) consonants. Where the last syllable but one contains (as often) a short vowel followed by only one (or no) consonant, the stress falls on the syllable before it, the third from the end. Words of the last form are favoured in the Eldarin languages, especially Quenya. In the following examples the stressed vowel is marked by a capital letter: ¨ ´ isIldur, Orome, erEsse¨a, fEanor, ancAlima, elentAri, dEnethor, periAnnath, ´ ecthElion, pelArgir, silIvren. Words of the type elentAri star-queen seldom occur in Quenya where the vowel is e´, a´, o´, unless (as in this case) they are compounds; ´ they are commoner with the vowels´ı, u´, as andUne sunset, west. 1 So also in Annuˆn sunset, Amruˆn sunrise, under the influence of the related duˆn pubg id for bangladesh, and rhuˆn east. 2 Originally. But iu in Quenya was in the Third Age usually pronounced as a rising diphthong as yu in English yule. A PP ENDIX E 1117 They do not occur in Sindarin except in compounds. Note that Sindarin dh, th, ch are single consonants and represent single letters in the original scripts. note In names drawn from other languages than Eldarin the same values for the letters are intended, where not specially described above, except in the case of Dwarvish. In Dwarvish, which did not possess the sounds represented above by th and ch (kh), th and kh are aspirates, that is t or k followed by an h, more or less as in backhand, outhouse. Where z occurs the sound intended is that of English z. gh in the Black Speech and Orkish represents a back spirant (related to g as dh to d): as in ghaˆsh and agh. The outer or Mannish names of the Dwarves have been given Northern forms, but the letter-values are those described. So also in the case of the personal and place-names of Rohan (where they have not been modernized), except that here e´a and e´o are diphthongs, which may be represented by the ea of English bear, and the eo of Theobald; y is the modified u. The modernized forms are easily recognized and are intended to be pronounced as in English. They are mostly place-names: as Dunharrow (for Du´nharg), except Shadowfax and Wormtongue. I I WRITING The scripts and letters used in the Third Age were all ultimately of Eldarin origin, and already at that time of great antiquity. They had reached the stage of full alphabetic development, but older modes in which only the consonants were denoted by full letters were still in use. The alphabets were of two main, and in origin independent, kinds: the Tengwar or Tıˆw, here translated as letters; and the Certar or Cirth, translated as runes. The Tengwar were devised for writing with brush or pen, and the squared forms of inscriptions were in their case derivative from the written forms. The Certar were devised and mostly used only for scratched or incised inscriptions. The Tengwar were the more ancient; for they had been developed by the Noldor, the kindred of the Eldar most skilled in such matters, long before their exile. The oldest Eldarin letters, the Tengwar of Ru´mil, were not used in Middle-earth. The later letters, the Tengwar of Fe¨anor, were largely a new invention, though they owed something to the letters of Ru´mil. They were brought to Middle-earth by the exiled Noldor, and so became known to the Edain and Nu´meno´reans. In the Third Age their use had spread over much the same area as that in which the Common Speech was known. The Cirth were devised first in Beleriand by the Sindar, and were long used only for inscribing names and brief memorials upon wood or stone. To that origin they owe their angular shapes, very similar to the runes of our times, though they differed from these in details and were wholly different in arrangement. The Cirth in their older and simpler form spread eastward 1118 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS in the Second Age, and became known to many peoples, to Men and Dwarves, and even to Orcs, all of whom altered them to suit their purposes and according to their skill or lack of it. One such simple form was still used by the Men of Dale, and a similar one by the Rohirrim. But in Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Cirth, partly under the influence of the Tengwar of the Noldor, were rearranged and further developed. Their richest and most ordered form was known as the Alphabet of Daeron, since in Elvish tradition it was said to have been devised by Daeron, the minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Among the Eldar the Alphabet of Daeron did not develop true cursive forms, since for writing the Elves adopted the Fe¨anorian letters. The Elves of the West indeed for the most part gave up the use of runes altogether. In the country of Eregion, however, the Alphabet of Daeron was maintained in use and passed thence to Moria, where it became the alphabet most favoured by the Dwarves. It remained ever after in use among them and passed with them to the North. Hence in later times it was often called Angerthas Moria or the Long Rune-rows of Moria. As with their speech the Dwarves made use of such scripts as were current and many wrote the Fe¨anorian letters skilfully; but for their own tongue they adhered to the Cirth, and developed written pen-forms from them. (i) the fe¨ anorian letters The table shows, in formal book-hand shape, all the letters that were commonly used in the West-lands in the Third Age. The arrangement is the one most usual at the time, and the one in which the letters were then usually recited by name. This script was not in origin an alphabet: that is, a haphazard series of letters, each with an independent value of its own, recited in a traditional order that has no reference either to their shapes or to their functions. 1 It was, rather, a system of consonantal signs, of similar shapes and style, which could be adapted at choice or convenience to represent the consonants of languages observed (or devised) by the Eldar. None of the letters had in itself a fixed value; but certain relations between them were gradually recognized. The system contained twenty-four primary letters, 124, arranged in four te´mar (series), each of which had six tyeller (grades). There were also additional letters, of which 2536 are examples. Of these 27 and 29 are the only strictly independent letters; the remainder are modifications of other letters. There was also a number of tehtar (signs) of varied uses. These do not appear in the table. 2 The primary letters were each formed of a telco (stem) and a lu´va (bow). 1 The only relation in our alphabet that would have appeared intelligible to the Eldar is that between P and B; and their separation from one another, and from F, M, V, would have seemed to them absurd. 2 Many of them appear in the examples on the title-page, and in the inscription on p. 50, transcribed on p. 254. They were mainly used to express vowel-sounds, in Quenya usually regarded as modifications of the accompanying consonant; or to express more briefly some of the most frequent consonant combinations. APPENDIX E 1119 THE TENGWAR 1120 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS The forms seen in 14 were regarded as normal. The stem could be raised, as in 916; or reduced, as in 1724. The bow could be open, as in Series I and III; or closed, as in II and IV; and in either case it could be doubled, as e. in 58. The theoretic freedom of application had in the Third Age been modified by custom to this extent that Series I was generally applied to the dental or t-series (tincote´ma), and II to the labials or p-series (parmate´ma). The application of Series III and IV varied according to the requirements of different languages. In languages like the Westron, which made much use of consonants1 such as our ch, j, sh, Series III was usually applied to these; in which case Series IV was applied to the normal k-series (calmate´ma). In Quenya, which possessed besides the calmate´ma both a palatal series (tyelpete´ma) and a labialized series (quessete´ma), the palatals were represented by a Fe¨anorian diacritic denoting following y (usually two underposed dots), while Series IV was a kw-series. Within these general applications the following relations were also commonly observed. The normal letters, Grade 1, were applied to the voiceless stops: t, p, k, etc. The doubling of the bow indicated click to see more addition of voice: thus if 1, 2, 3, 4t, p, ch, k (or t, p, k, kw) then 5, 6, 7, 8d, b, j, g (or d, b, g, gw). The raising of the stem indicated the opening of the consonant to a spirant: click the following article assuming the above values for Grade 1, Grade 3 (912)th, f, sh, ch (or th, f, kh, khwhw), and Grade 4 (1316)dh, v, zh, gh (or dh, v, gh, ghww). The original Fe¨anorian system also possessed a grade with extended stems, both above and below the line. These usually represented aspirated consonants (e. th, ph, kh), but might represent other consonantal variations required. They were not needed in the languages of the Third Age that used this script; but the extended forms were much used as variants (more clearly distinguished from Grade 1) of Grades 3 and 4. Grade 5 (1720) was usually applied to the nasal consonants: thus 17 and 18 were the most common signs for n and m. According to the principle observed above, Grade 6 should then have represented the voiceless nasals; but since such sounds (exemplified by Welsh nh or ancient English hn) were of very rare occurrence in the languages concerned, Grade 6 (2124) was most often 4 diamond city settlement mod for the weakest or semi-vocalic consonants of each series. It consisted of the smallest and simplest shapes among the primary letters. Thus 21 was often used for a weak (untrilled) r, originally occurring in Quenya and regarded in the system of that language as the weakest consonant of the tincote´ma; 22 was widely used for w; where Series III was used read article a 2 palatal series 23 was commonly used as consonantal y. Since some of the consonants of Grade 4 tended to become weaker in 1 The representation of the sounds here is the same as that employed in transcription and described above, except that here ch represents the ch in English church; j represents Apex legends international tournament sound of English j, and zh the sound heard in azure and occasion. 2 The inscription on the West-gate of Moria gives an example of a mode, used for the spelling of Sindarin, in which Grade 6 represented the simple nasals, but Grade 5 represented the double or long nasals much used in Sindarin: 17nn, but 21n. A PP ENDIX E 1121 pronunciation, and to approach or to merge with those of Grade 6 (as described above), many of the latter ceased to have a clear function in the Eldarin languages; and it was from these letters that the letters expressing vowels were largely derived. note The standard spelling of Quenya diverged from the applications of the letters above described. Grade 2 was used for nd, mb, ng, ngw, all of which were frequent, since b, g, gw only appeared in these combinations, while for rd, ld the special letters 26, 28 were used. (For lv, not for lw, many speakers, especially Elves, used lb: this was written with 276, since lmb could not occur. ) Similarly, Grade 4 was used for the extremely frequent combinations nt, mp, nk, nqu, since Quenya did not possess dh, gh, ghw, and for v used letter 22. See the Quenya letter-names pp. 11223. The additional letters. 27 was universally used for l. 25 (in origin a modification of 21) was used for full trilled r. Nos. 26, 28 were modifications of these. They were frequently used for voiceless r (rh) and l (lh) respectively. But in Quenya they were used for rd and ld. 29 Apex legends international tournament s, and 31 (with doubled curl) z in those languages that required it. The inverted forms, 30 and 32, though available for use as separate signs, were mostly used as mere variants of 29 and 31, according to the convenience of writing, e. they were much used when accompanied by superimposed tehtar. 33 was in origin a variation representing some (weaker) variety of 11; its most frequent use in the Third Age was h. 34 was mostly used (if at all) for voiceless w (hw). 35 and 36 were, when used as consonants, mostly applied to y and w respectively. The vowels article source in many modes represented by tehtar, usually set above a consonantal letter. In languages such as Quenya, in which most words ended in a vowel, the tehta was placed above the preceding consonant; in those such as Sindarin, in which most words ended in a consonant, it was placed above the following consonant. When there was no consonant present in the required position, the tehta was placed above the short carrier, of which a common form was like an undotted i. The actual tehtar used in different languages for vowel-signs were numerous. The commonest, usually applied to (varieties of) e, i, a, o, u, are exhibited in the examples given. The three dots, most usual in formal writing for a, were variously written in quicker styles, a form like a circumflex being often employed. 1 The single dot and the acute accent were frequently used for i and e (but in some modes for e and i). The curls were used for o and u. In the Ring-inscription the curl open to the right is used for u; but on the title-page this stands for o, and the curl open to the left for u. The curl to the right was favoured, and the 1 In Quenya in which a was very frequent, its vowel sign was often omitted altogether. Thus for calma lamp clm could be written. This would naturally read as calma, since cl was not in Quenya a possible initial combination, and m never occurred finally. A possible reading was calama, but no such word existed. 1122 T HE L ORD O F THE R INGS application depended on the language concerned: in the Black Speech o was rare. Long vowels were usually represented by placing the tehta on the long carrier, of which a common form was like an undotted j. But for the same purpose the tehtar could be doubled. This was, however, only frequently done with the curls, and sometimes with the accent. Two dots was more often used as a sign for following y. The West-gate inscription illustrates a mode of full writing with the vowels represented by separate letters. All the vocalic letters used in Sindarin are shown. The use of No. 30 as a sign for vocalic y may be noted; also the expression of diphthongs by placing the tehta for following y above the vowel-letter. The sign for following w (required for the expression of au, aw) was in this mode the u-curl or a modification of it ~. But the diphthongs were often written out in full, as in the transcription. In this mode length of vowel was usually indicated by the acute accent, called in that case andaith long mark. There were beside the tehtar already mentioned a number of others, chiefly used to abbreviate the writing, especially by expressing frequent consonant combinations without writing them out in full. Among these, a bar (or a sign like a Spanish tilde) placed above a consonant was often used to indicate that it was preceded by the nasal of the same series (as in nt, mp, or nk); a similar sign placed below was, however, mainly used to show that the consonant was long or doubled. A downward hook attached read more the bow (as in hobbits, the last word on the title-page) was used to indicate a following s, especially in the combinations ts, ps, ks (x), that were favoured in Quenya. There was of course no mode for the representation of English. One adequate phonetically could be devised from the Fe¨anorian system. The brief example on the title-page does not attempt to exhibit this. It is rather an example of what a man of Gondor might have produced, hesitating between the values of the letters familiar in his mode and the traditional spelling of English. It may be noted that a dot below (one of the uses of which was to represent weak obscured vowels) is here employed in the representation of unstressed and, but is also used in here for silent final e; the, of, and of the are expressed by abbreviations (extended dh, extended v, and the latter with an under-stroke). The names of the letters. In all modes each letter and sign had a name; but these names were devised to fit or describe the phonetic uses in each particular mode. It was, however, often felt desirable, especially in describing the uses of the letters in other modes, to have a name for each letter in itself as a shape. For this purpose the Quenya full names were commonly employed, even where they referred to uses peculiar to Steam effect sticks gulikit. Each full name was an actual word in Quenya that contained the letter in question. Where possible it was the first sound of the word; but where the sound or the combination expressed did not occur initially it followed immediately after an initial vowel. The names of the letters in the table were (1) tinco metal, parma book, calma lamp, quesse feather; (2) ando gate, umbar fate, anga iron, ungwe spiders web; A PP ENDIX E 1123 (3) thu´le (su´le) spirit, formen north, harma treasure (or aha rage), hwesta breeze; (4) anto mouth, ampa hook, anca jaws, unque a Apex legends international tournament (5) nu´men west, malta gold, noldo (older ngoldo) one of the kindred of the Noldor, Apex legends international tournament (older ngwalme) torment; (6) o´re heart (inner mind), vala angelic power, anna gift, vilya air, sky (older wilya); ro´men east, arda region, lambe tongue, alda tree; silme starlight, silme nuquerna (s reversed), a´re sunlight (or esse name), a´re nuquerna; hyarmen south, hwesta sindarinwa, yanta bridge, u´re heat. Where there are variants this is due to the names being given before certain changes affected Quenya as spoken by the Exiles. Thus No. 11 was called harma when it represented the spirant ch in all positions, but when this sound became breath h initially1 (though remaining medially) the name aha was devised. a´re was originally a´ze, but when this z became merged with 21, the sign was in Quenya used for the very frequent ss of that language, and the name esse was given to it. hwesta sindarinwa or Grey-elven hw was so called because in Quenya 12 had the sound of hw, and distinct signs for chw and hw were not required. The names of visit web page letters most widely known and used were 17 n, 33 hy, 25 r, 10 f: nu´men, hyarmen, ro´men, formenwest, south, east, north (cf. Pubg keyboard controls in pc duˆn or annuˆn, harad, rhuˆn or amruˆn, forod). These letters commonly indicated the points W, S, E, N even in languages that used quite different terms. They were, in the West-lands, named in this order, beginning with and facing west; hyarmen and formen indeed meant left-hand region and right-hand region (the opposite to the arrangement in many Mannish languages). (ii) the cirth The Certhas Daeron was originally devised to represent the sounds of Sindarin only. The oldest cirth were Nos.

It was cloudy, Mum. said Fred. You keep your mouth closed while youre eating. Mrs. Weasley snapped. They were starving him, Mum. said George. And you. said Mrs. Weasley, but it was with a slightly softened expression that she started cutting Harry bread and buttering it for him. At that moment there was a diversion in the form of a small, redheaded figure in a long nightdress, who appeared in the kitchen, gave a small squeal, and ran out again. Ginny, said Ron in an undertone to Harry. My sister. Shes been talking about you all summer. Yeah, shell be wanting your autograph, Harry, Fred said with a grin, but he caught his mothers eye and bent his face over his plate without another word. Nothing more was said until all four plates were clean, which took a surprisingly short time. Blimey, Im tired, yawned Fred, setting down his knife and fork at last. I think Ill go to bed and - You will not, snapped Mrs. Weasley. Its your own fault youve been up all night. Youre going to de-gnome the garden for me; theyre getting completely out of hand again - Oh, Mum - And you two, she here, glaring at Ron and George. You can go up to bed, dear, she added to Harry. You didnt ask them to fly that wretched car - But Harry, who felt wide awake, said quickly, Ill help Ron. Ive never seen a de-gnoming - Thats very sweet of you, dear, but more info dull work, said Mrs. Weasley. Now, lets see what Lockharts got to say on the subject - And she pulled a heavy book from the stack on the mantelpiece. George groaned. Mum, we know how to de-gnome a garden - Harry looked at the cover of Mrs. Weasleys book. Written across it in fancy gold letters were the Apex legends octane balisong Gilderoy Lockharts Guide to Household Pests. There was a big photograph on the front of a very good-looking wizard with wavy blond hair and bright blue eyes. As always in the Wizarding world, the photograph was moving; the wizard, who Harry supposed was Gilderoy Lockhart, kept winking cheekily up at them all. Mrs. Weasley beamed down at him. Oh, he is marvelous, she said. He knows his household pests, all right, its a wonderful book. Mum fancies him, said Fred, in a very audible whisper. Dont be so ridiculous, Fred, said Mrs. Weasley, her cheeks rather pink. All right, if you think you know better than Lockhart, you can go and get on with it, and woe betide you if theres a single gnome in that garden when I come out to inspect it. Yawning and grumbling, the Weasleys slouched outside with Harry behind them. The garden was large, and Apex legends octane balisong Harrys eyes, exactly what a garden should be. The Dursleys wouldnt have visit web page it - there were plenty of weeds, and the grass needed cutting - but there were gnarled trees all around Apex legends octane balisong walls, plants Harry had Apex legends octane balisong seen spilling from every counter strike source громкость шагов bed, and a big green pond full of frogs. Muggles have garden Apex legends octane balisong, too, you know, Harry told Ron as they crossed the lawn. Yeah, Ive seen those things they think are gnomes, said Ron, bent double with his head in a peony bush, Apex legends octane balisong fat little Santa Clauses with fishing rods. There was a violent scuffling noise, the peony bush shuddered, and Ron straightened up. This is a gnome, he said grimly.